HAZARDS OF PET OWNERSHIP

Owning a pet comes with many powerful benefits, such as improved blood pressure control and maintaining social connections. However, the responsibility of caring for a pet also comes with potential risks and hazards. In Dumb Witness, Agatha Christie even wrote about a woman who may have been killed by her pet dog (but I won’t give away the ending)!

Researching all pets—tortoises, birds, rodents, etc.—is beyond my scope here, so I’ll stick mostly to the most common pets, cats and dogs.

Financial Hazards of Pet Ownership

Owning pets can be hazardous for your financial well-being. The average cost of owning a pet ranges from $1,591 to $2,770 per year, and that’s just for essentials like food, grooming, and vet check-ups. Of course, a lot depends on the pet.

Dogs are more expensive than cats, in general. The average cost of owning a dog ranges from $1,500 to $5,000 in the first year and $1,000 to $3,000 thereafter. The average yearly cost of owning a cat ranges from $250 to $4,000, with common expenses around $1,150 per year, varying by factors like breed, health, and lifestyle choices.

Goldfish? The classic goldfish in a bowl costs practically nothing, but goldfish lovers don’t recommend this. For one thing, they fare better in pairs. And most have a more elaborate setup. This includes around $200 for tank, stand, filter, light, water test kit, food and a few other things. After the initial start up, it will cost you almost nothing. One owner reported spending no money on pet goldfish other than electricity in 6 months.

Health Hazards of Pet Ownership

Beyond money, pets can be hazardous to you health. Pets can transmit diseases like MRSA and roundworm. Many carry allergens that can cause adverse reactions in their owners. Not surprisingly, children are more susceptible to infections from pet feces.

Specifically, dogs can pass salmonella, toxocariasis, Lyme disease, rabies, and MRSA to humans.

Everyone knows about rabies, but less familiar campylobacter is a bacterial disease that causes diarrhea (often bloody), fever, and stomach cramps. Puppies are more likely to spread it than adult dogs.

Reptiles can carry several illnesses on their skin, passing them on to human handlers. Iguanas and snakes might have botulism, campylobacteriosis, or leptospirosis. Pet turtles in particular often carry salmonella on their shells.

Even fish can make you sick! Cleaning a fish tank is a good way to expose yourself to mycobacterium marinum and vibrio bacteria in the water. Doing so with broken skin can lead to fish tank granuloma: painful, itchy, red bumps under the skin. 

Cat-Specific Health Hazards

There are four primary ways cats can spread diseases to humans: feces, bites and saliva, contact with skin or fur, and scratches.

Toxoplasmosis is the most serious cat-dependent disease that can be passed to humans, caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. You can get it from contact with cat feces. Some people get flu-like symptoms. Serious cases of this disease most often affect infants and people with weakened immune systems.

Cat-scratch disease (CSD), a bacterial infection, most often results from a scratch or bite of a cat. The CDC reported in Emerging Infectious Diseases that cat scratch disease can be fatal in humans. The death rate for serious cases is reported to be approximately 30%. A prompt diagnosis is often difficult. Symptoms typically include a non-painful bump or blister at the site of injury and painful and swollen lymph nodes. People may feel tired or have a headache or fever. Symptoms typically begin within 3–14 days from the time of injury.

Other Hazards of Keeping Pets

And then there are the hazards to your living quarters. The most common are dirt, hair, and scratches on furniture and doors. But also pushed-out screens, broken vases or other decorative items, lick-marks on butter. Aquariums can leak and damage floors. Pet birds can fly into ceiling fans, windows, and screens, or make messes on top of hard-to reach cabinets. Having pets can add extra complications when renting: landlords may charge extra deposits, increase rent, or forbid pets from the home altogether.

Pets can be hazardous to your social life. You may have to miss a holiday party to care for an ill or post-op pet, as my youngest daughter did on 4th of July. Trips out of town or even extended work shifts may be curtailed by a pet’s needs. People may decline your invitations because of allergies to pet hair or dander. (I’m so allergic to guinea pig dander that I can’t even be in a room where the have been). Some people might fear your pet reptile. And when your pet doesn’t get along with the pet belonging to your budding love interest…

There is also an almost guaranteed emotional hazard of caring for a pet. With the exception of a few birds and reptiles, most of the common pet species have significantly shorter lifespans than the humans who keep them. A lifetime of loving pets means having to bury a friend every ten or twenty years. Owners may also have to decide whether to put an animal through a painful treatment or to end a beloved pet’s suffering, knowing that there is no way to explain to the animal what is happening.

Clearly, lots of people find pet ownership worth the hazards. As of 2025, 95 million U.S. households owned at least one pet.

Bottom Line: If you choose to own a pet, consider the hazards that might come with your pet-of-choice!

Short Story: FEEDING BELA

This week, instead of a topical blog, I’m posting a short story. Enjoy!

Feeding Bela*

by
Vivian Lawry

Brian empties a can of Fancy Feast into a bowl—the Cod, Sole and Shrimp Feast—and microwaves it for 15 seconds, just to take the chill off. Bela twines around his ankles, tail waving, depositing black hair on his pant legs. Brian says, “Here you go, kitty. Your favorite.” Bela sniffs the bowl and saunters away.

The food is still untouched at dinner time. Anxiety trickles along Brian’s spine. Loss of appetite. That had been the first sign that something was wrong with his gerbil. Brian says, “What’s the matter, kitty? Are you under the weather?” He offers Bela bits of the chicken breast he grills for dinner. All told, she eats half of it, purring and licking Brian’s fingers as she takes each bite. Electric ecstasies run up Brian’s arm and he breathes more easily.

When Brian goes to bed that night, Bela stretches out on his chest, one paw on either side of his neck, her breath soft on his neck. He strokes her silky back and falls asleep, comforted by their routine. But in the fading hours of night, he wakes—clammy and breathing hard—from the nightmare that has haunted him for the last 30 years: Brian’s gerbil, Socks, lies in his cage, panting. Brian picks up the tiny body, wasted to near nothing by days without eating. As Brian watches, Socks grows paper-thin and disappears. Brian always wakes himself shouting, “No! No!” Now he turns onto his side and curls around Bela, but memories of that time won’t be put down.

He’d run to the kitchen. “Mama! Mama! Socks is really sick now. You’ve got to take him to the doctor!”

Mama looked down at him from her great, sad height. “Don’t talk foolishness, Brian. We can’t afford to take a gerbil to the veterinarian.”

“Please? Please!”

Mama frowned and said, “You have my answer.” But then she stooped down and put her hands on Brian’s shoulders. “Son, we don’t have money to take Socks to the vet and put food on the table. It’s as simple as that. If Socks doesn’t want to eat, there’s nothing we can do about it.” Her tone was gentle but Brian felt as though he’d been hit. Socks lived nearly a week longer. Brian tried to feed him milk from an eyedropper but finally Socks rejected even that. During that week, Brian threw-up everything he ate. He felt as though he betrayed Socks with every bite, as if somehow, he was feeding on Socks. Mama said it wasn’t Brian’s fault that Socks died, and he knew it must be true because Mama never lied. But that wasn’t how he felt. Even now, when Brian’s adult brain assures him that it wasn’t his fault that Socks died, his child heart still shudders.

Brian looks at the clock: 4:17 a.m. He tries to turn off further thought, but visions of his Uncle Moses float to the surface of his consciousness. Uncle Moe gave Brian three goldfish for his seventh birthday. He said, “Here’s Eenie, Meenie, and Miney. You’ve already got Moe!” He laughed and clapped Brian on the back, and Brian smiled, too. He took really good care of those goldfish, keeping the bowl clean and feeding them twice a day. When the family returned from a week-long visit with his grandparents, the first thing Brian did was run to the goldfish bowl to say hello to his friends. He found all three fish floating belly-up. Scot, his friend next door, had locked the key in the house the first day and hadn’t fed them after. Scot cried and said he was sorry and his father offered to buy three new fish, but Brian said, “No. No more pets.”

Mama said, “But it wasn’t your fault, sweetheart.”

Brian wailed, “It was. It was. Just like if they were my babies. I should’ve found someone better to take care of them.” He ran to his room and buried his face in his pillow. When his mother again tried to comfort him, when she suggested he get some other pet, he cried harder. “No. I’d just kill it, too.” Brian kept that resolution for three decades.

Now Brian cuddles Bela close to his chest and kisses the top of her head. He’s had her for a year now. “But you’re just fine, aren’t you, kitty? And I’m going to see that you stay that way.”

Bela continues to reject Fancy Feast, then all the other brands Brian buys to tempt her. Soon, he gives up on cat food altogether. Bela gets tidbits of people food at every meal. Her favorites are chicken, bacon, and tuna—always from Brian’s hand. But she also eats pork and beef, ice cream and cheese with gusto, and circles the butter dish on a regular basis. After Brian finds the stick of butter with long striations along the top and Bela’s hair as garnish, he’s careful about the lid to his butter dish. He puts out a separate, uncovered dish of butter for Bela.

After a few months, Bela’s appetite again wanes. Brian takes her to the vet. She’s lost half a pound. The vet can find nothing wrong. He says the weight loss is not serious. But Brian resolves to do whatever is necessary. He orders Dakota organic beef, 6 lbs. for $90, and—to add zest to the more pedestrian fare—Russian caviar at $379 for a 4.4 oz. tin, pleased that he can afford to feed his cat whatever she will eat.

Brian’s girlfriend comes to dinner. Her long print skirt swishes as she walks, her silver bangles jingle. She sits to Brian’s right, tucking a wing of black hair behind her left ear. Bela sits on the chair to his left. When the laden plates are on the table, the first thing Brian does is tear off morsels of cod for Bela. “Here, Bela. Here, kitty kitty.” He makes kissing noises and waves a bit of fish under Bela’s nose, tempting her to follow him. He bends low as he carries the treat to Bela’s eating place in the kitchen—proud of being in control, of not feeding Bela at the table.

When he returns, Delia rolls her eyes. “For God’s sake, Brian. You spoil that cat rotten.”

“Jealous?” He looks at Delia’s silky black hair and slanty eyes and grins. “You shouldn’t be. I love the way you slink around the room, the way you rub against me.” Delia smiles. Bela jumps back up on her chair and Brian scratches her ears before turning back to Delia. “And I never pet Bela the way I pet you.” He cover’s Delia’s hand with his own, gazing into her candle-lit eyes. Bela leaps onto the table. When Brian waves the cat away from his fish, Bela hisses, swipes his hand with her claws, and bites his finger. Brian sweeps her off the table. She yowls and runs under the buffet. Brian shakes his hand. “Damn! What did you do that for?” He brings the injured knuckle to his lips.

Delia says, “Here. Let me.” She lifts his hand to her mouth, kisses his wounds, licks them, then sucks them, all the time looking into Brian’s eyes. She turns his hand over and tickles his palm with her tongue. When she kisses his wrist, his pulse throbs. Her tongue traces a warm, wet path up his forearm. Bela watches, swishing her tail from side to side and growling. As Delia slowly takes off his clothes, exploring his body gently, Brian thinks how soft and smooth her tongue is, how different from Bela’s sandpaper rasp.

Two days later, Brian’s finger is swollen—hot, red, painful. His doctor examines the crusted blister. He presses Brian’s swollen lymph nodes. Brian yelps. He tells the doctor he doesn’t have much appetite, feels feverish, has a headache and blurry vision.

The doctor says, “It looks like cat scratch fever—but it could be the bite. Cats are germy—much worse than dogs. When it comes to germs, cats are right up there with human mouths. Did you sterilize the wound?”

Brian flushes and looks away, remembering that night with Delia. They never did finish dinner. “Uh. Not till the next morning.”

The doctor shakes his head. “You should have sterilized the wound,” he says. “Use a heating pad on the lymph nodes.” He writes prescriptions for pain pills and antibiotics.

Brian goes home feeling like hell. He calls Delia. “Maybe you could come by—just long enough to feed Bela for me.”

She says, “I’ll feed you, too. And make sure you take your meds.”

Brian wouldn’t allow just anyone to feed Bela, but Delia is a certified veterinary technician. He has no qualms about entrusting Bela to her. And, after all, if it weren’t for Delia, he wouldn’t even have Bela.

Brian’s neighbor had asked him to help her take her four Labrador retriever pups in for their shots. Delia came into the waiting room where Brian was playing with two of the pups. She smiled at him. “I can tell you love animals,” she said. “You have caring eyes.” Brian pushed his thick glasses up his nose with his middle finger and looked aside, scarlet creeping from his neck to his cheeks. He couldn’t think of anything to say to this beautiful stranger. She laughed, low and intimate—the sort of laugh that tells a man he’s special—and said, “Has anyone ever told you that you look just like Christopher Reeve in his Clark Kent persona?” Brian had heard this many times, but saying he knows he looks like Superman seems arrogant. When he doesn’t answer, she continues, “Well, never mind. I didn’t mean to embarrass you. Your pups are adorable.” After Brian stammered out a denial of ownership, a halting explanation about helping his neighbor, the woman smiled. Brian noticed her white teeth, her full red lips. She said, “My name is Delia. I’m a surgical technician here.” Delia’s pointy tongue darts across her upper lip. “Would you be interested in adopting a young cat? She’s a real beauty.”

Brian smiles, remembering his introduction to Bela, how she stalked the examining room, tail raised like an antenna; how she stretched—chest low, rump in the air—exposing her tightly pleated rosebud. Brian envied her unselfconscious assurance. She was thin but strong, all black except for a white blaze on her chest. Brian asked her name. Delia shrugged. “She was picked up by Animal Control.”

Brian said, “She looks like she’s wearing a white bib. I think I’ll call her Miss Bibbs—or maybe Bibbsie.” He saw Delia knit her brows and realized that he really wanted this woman to like him. “What do you think?”

Delia said, “She doesn’t strike me as a cute sort of cat. I’ve been calling her Bela.”

As soon as he heard the name, he knew Delia was right. “Perfect. Bela she is.”

While Brian’s left hand is useless, Delia comes every day after work, sometimes still in her aqua scrubs when a surgery runs late. She prepares dinner according to Brian’s instructions and then puts food in his hand so he can feed Bela. Brian says, “Thank you, love. You’re very good to us. When I’m up and about again, I’ll make something fabulous—a regular feast for three.”

Delia smiles and scratches Bela’s ears. “That’ll be great.”

But a few days later, Brian has to see the doctor again. His finger seeps foul-smelling gray liquid, blisters and air bubbles dot his hand, and red ribbons wind toward his wrist. The doctor says, “I can’t understand it. The antibiotics should have prevented gangrene.” He sighs. “I’m afraid we’ve got to amputate the hand. Today.”

Brian jerks back. “What?”

The doctor says, “Gangrene moves fast. We have to move faster. If not, you could end up dead soon.”

Brian gulps and tries to draw enough breath to speak. “Well, if you’ve got to. . . .” His mind races and sweat beads on his brow as he imagines how things might go from bad to worse. He thinks, somehow, things are less likely to go wrong if he’s awake. He says, “General anesthetics are too dangerous. Just give me a local. I can take it.”

They go together to the hospital where Delia meets them. Amputations under local anesthetic are so rare that eleven medical students gather round to watch. Delia squeezes his good hand reassuringly. Afterwards, Brian whispers to her, “I want the hand. Can you get it for me?” She nods, and while everyone is involved in examining Brian, suturing blood vessels, and inquiring about his well-being, he sees Delia retrieve the severed hand, wrap it in a towel, and stick it into the waistband of her scrub pants.

Delia takes Brian home before returning to work. That night, she comes to make dinner and cut his food for him. He’s feverish and hasn’t much appetite. Brian says, “Where’s Bela? Usually she’s agitating for hand-outs by now.” Delia goes to the kitchen, calling, “Here, Bela. Here, kitty kitty.”

When she returns to the dining room, Delia looks sheepish. “I forgot about your hand—left it on the counter this afternoon and…well, Bela tore open the towel and ate part of it.”

Brian is startled, but then it strikes his funny bone. He whoops with laughter. “A severed hand isn’t good for much. Why not cat food?”

Delia smiles tentatively. “You aren’t upset?”

Brian shrugs. “I was just gonna put it in a jar and set it on the shelf beside my tonsils and my kidney stones.” Brian grins. “But it’s looking a little the worse for wear now. Put what’s left in the fridge. Bela can have it tomorrow.”

Brian’s stump does not heal well. The doctor refuses to come to the house. Brian refuses to go to the hospital again. He tells Delia, “Once was enough. Anytime you go into a hospital, you risk being attacked by flesh-eating bacteria or something. No, thank you. I’m not pushing my luck.”

Delia says, “You’ve got to do something.”

Brian shrugs. “Why don’t you take a look at it?”

Delia looks at Brian’s stump and shakes her head, clucks, and shakes her head again. Brian looks at her anxiously. “Can you take care of it?”

Delia says, “I’ll do what I can. But if you ever tell anyone, I’ll be in big trouble. Practicing medicine without a license or whatever.” She opens the wound as wide as possible. She scrapes the dead, infected flesh into a stainless steel bowl, washes the wound with cool sterile water and soap. Delia says, “I’ll flood the wound with a 10% bleach solution every two hours. And I’m leaving the wound uncovered so the air can get to it. That’s the best thing.” She sets the bowl of waste on the kitchen counter. Bela stalks the kitchen, tail waving.

Brian drowses, floating in a sea of painkillers. When he rouses, Bela is licking his stump. He feels euphoric—and the rasp of Bela’s tongue on what used to be his wrist is giving him a hard-on. Delia comes in and lifts Bela off the bed. She looks toward Brian’s erection, smiles, and settles into the bed beside him.

A couple of days later, Brian is obviously worse. He turns glazed eyes toward Delia. “You’ve got to do something.”

When Delia comes from work that evening, she brings scalpels and Black and Decker saws, ketamine and valium from the critical care animal hospital where she works. She says, “The ketamine and valium will deaden the pain, but I’ve got to warn you: ketamine is hallucinogenic for humans.” She administers the valium orally and the ketamine intravenously and within minutes, Brian is feeling no pain. While Delia amputates his arm at the elbow, Brian falls into a hole where his body moves in rhythmic waves from head to toe, buoyed on some cosmic ether, his body warping and stretching in slow-motion. He closes his eyes and everything he sees is in intense reds, blues, greens, and yellows. The colors ebb and flow, and he feels the pulsations, a strangely familiar beat beat beating that he finally identifies as Delia’s heartbeat—or maybe Bela’s. When he opens his eyes, he sees Bela from a great distance, no bigger than a grasshopper, thin and flat as paper. Delia looks like a paper doll, too. She touches his chest, her hand silicone—like the only embalmed body he ever touched. Brian can’t tell how much time has passed, but Delia holds a severed lump of flesh. At first, Brian can’t figure out what it is, red and white and wet. Finally, he remembers. He says, “Put it in the fridge. Bela seems to like it.”

Delia takes a leave of absence from work so she can take care of Brian and feed Bela. Bela stops growling at Delia. Delia stops locking Bela out of the bedroom, just moves her over when bedtime comes. Brian is pleased that Delia and Bela have taken a fancy to each other. Delia washes Brian’s stump with sterile saline and the bleach solution, gives him pain pills and antibiotics every four hours around the clock. But it doesn’t do any good. Brian’s third amputation is just at the shoulder. As the ketamine takes effect, Brian feels like he’s dying. This time, the rhythmic moves of his body are side to side. He zooms down and around and up, a carnival ride without the jerks, all the way to other worlds. Delia says, “I’m sorry, love.”

Brian says, “That was a hell of a trip. Thanks. Feed Bela for me.”

Following each amputation, Brian grows weaker. Bela just grows. She gains twenty pounds eating Brian’s jettisoned parts. Her thirty-five-pound body is solid, her black coat sleek. She seldom leaves his room. When she jumps up onto Brian’s bed, he thinks she looks lithe as a panther. At night, Delia curls next to his good side while Bela settles in to guard his wounded side. Brian feels loved and comforted—and proud that Bela is thriving.

Brian wakes in the night, the stench of gangrene assaulting him. By the light of a full moon, he sees grey welts fanning out from his left shoulder stump toward his chest, knowing that in full light, they would show red. He feels the heat of infection. Bela licks his wound. Delia is asleep, her head on his right shoulder. He strokes her hair, her cheek, her back. She rouses. Brian says, “I think this is the end.” He chuckles weakly and adds, “What’s left to amputate?” Delia sobs, holding close to Brian’s chest. He says, “You’ll feed Bela for me, won’t you?”

When Delia speaks, her voice is tearful. “Don’t worry, love. I’ll take good care of her.”

Brian says, “There’s an ax and a saw in the garage. Those, along with what you brought from the clinic, ought to be all you’ll need. Put me in the freezer. I’m still a pretty big man. But when I’m gone—I don’t know what you’ll do. Cope as best you can.” Brian sighs and scratches Bela’s ears. She purrs and swishes her tail and blinks at Delia.

Delia looks over Brian’s chest, her eyes glowing yellow-green. She says, “Here kitty, kitty. Come to mama.”

THE END

*”Feeding Bela” was originally published (without pictures) in Willard & Maple XIII, 2007-08, 91-97

Note: All of these cats are available for adoption from Richmond Animal League. To the author’s knowledge, none of them have a taste for human flesh.

Short Story: THE DARWINIAN CO-OP LENDING LIBRARY

This week, instead of a topical blog, I’m posting a short story. Enjoy!

THE DARWINIAN CO-OP LENDING LIBRARY*

by
Vivian Lawry

We have all these people waiting in line, see, because we always have long lines for the holidays, and I had to tell this woman all the turkey basters are out. So she just goes off on me—like, “What kind of a lending library is this? First you don’t have a meat grinder and now no turkey baster?”

I’m, like, “I’m sorry, ma’am, but you have to request meat grinders through inter-library loan.”

And then she goes, “That’s no excuse for the turkey baster!”

I’m like, “It’s five o’clock on Christmas Eve, ma’am. All the turkey basters are out.”

And she goes, “I’ve belonged to the Friends of the Library for thirty years, and this is the treatment I get? Who do you think donated the Santa suit, Bozo, the scuba-diving equipment—not to mention red sheets and heart pillows for roll-away beds. Just see if I donate anything else!”

Everyone behind her shifts from foot to foot and rolls their eyes, trying to balance punch bowls and tinsel and stuff. But co-ops run on donations. The head librarian invites her to have a cup of tea, says she could check out a nice lemon zester, or a fish poacher. I think the old days I’ve heard about, when people borrowed books and seldom came in around the holidays, weren’t so bad. But once we started lending tapes and CDs and children’s puzzles, there was no turning back.

The next person in line’s a repeater. This’s his third year checking out a puppy on Christmas Eve. He’ll renew for a second two weeks, until his kids shirk their puppy chores. Word’s out about our pet collection—we do a brisk business in rabbits and chicks for Easter—but puppies are tops. So I hand over the collie mix, yap-yap-yapping and wiggling his butt. The man says, “Do you have a goldendoodle? The kids would like a goldendoodle this year.”

I’m like, “This is our last puppy.”

He eyes the wriggling furball and goes, “How about tropical fish? Or a bear cub? Hey, I’ve got it. A de-scented skunk. That would be really festive.”

So finally I’m like, “We’ve had a run on pets. It’s either this puppy or a cat, your choice.” He reaches for the puppy. No one ever checks out a cat.

We expected the run on pets. But the really hot item—totally took us by surprise—has been kids—preschoolers, mostly, old enough not to wet the bed and young enough to be cute, suitable for photos and not too picky about presents. The parents who donate them mostly head someplace warm, and require a two-week-minimum loan. I turn to the couple picking up twins, and slide the informed consent form across the counter. The little girl says, “We get Cocoa Puffs for breakfast and Coke before we go to bed.” The boy kicks the man in the shins.

I’m like, “Read the parts about allergies and bedtime snacks carefully before you sign them out.”

Then this woman rushes in, navy banker suit and pearls, and budges in front of the line. I think there’ll be a blow-up. But everyone just stands there while she goes, “I need a family.”

I’m like, “You need to wait your turn.”

She goes, “I don’t have time to wait. My parents called from the airport—‘Surprise, we’re here for Christmas with you and Joe and the kids.’ I never thought this would happen, never in a million years.” She leans closer and lowers her voice. “Look, years ago I told them I eloped, to keep them off my back. Then they wanted grandkids, so I made some up. But now they’re here, and I’ve got to have a family for Christmas!” Someone behind her snickers. She blushes. “Surely you have one. I only need one.”

I go, “You are so in luck. We have a father with three kids left.”

She looks startled when they come out. Then she laughs, tucks a blond curl behind her ear, and goes, “Perfect! I don’t even have to make up a reason for keeping them apart, for not sending pictures.” She laughs again and leaves, arm in arm with the tall black father, the three kids trailing like ducklings.

Someone says, “What kind of woman would lend her husband and kids over Christmas?”

And I’m like, “Lots of Jewish families are okay with it. And single-parent families. And sometimes psychotherapists. Therapists are really pressed for time around the holidays.”

The next woman leans in and goes, “I reserved the Chinese grandparents.” As if I’d asked, she goes, “My children need exposure to Mandarin before we visit the homeland—and to the whole female subservience thing.”

So I’m like, “Whatever.” I run her card, hand her the due date slip. “Remember, back by Boxing Day or you incur huge fines. Merry Christmas.”

A teenage girl edges up to the counter, eyes skittering sideways, and whispers, “I don’t really need to check out a whole person. I just need—you know—parts.”

I stifle a laugh. I’m like, “What exactly do you need?”

She glances at her flat chest and goes, “I need a couple of pounds of body fat—just till after New Year’s.”

I print her due date slip. IMHO, body parts are going to be our next high-demand items.

I glance at the clock. Nearly six. A short man in a black coat and homburg steps forward and goes, “Do you honor cards from other libraries?”

I’m like, “We have reciprocal agreements with all the regional libraries.”

He goes, “Great! I want a book—T’was the Night Before Christmas.”

I don’t know what to say, so I’m like, “Let me check with the head librarian.”

The head librarian goes, “I’m sure we have a copy somewhere. Let me check the antiquities index.” She heads off at a half trot, the man in the homburg hard on her heels.

The clock strikes six and I’m like, “Yes.” I leave her to it, check out my own two pounds of body fat and my escort for The Nutcracker, and head home for the holidays.

THE END

*This story was originally published (without pictures) in the Clackamas Literary Review, 2011, Vol. XV, 124-127.

WHAT’S WRONG WITH ME?

I’ve been writing a weekly blog for a gazillion years, but this week I struggled to find a topic that engaged me. Why?

It wasn’t a brain freeze. That would be brief: not coming up with the right word, answer, name, etc. A synonym would be drawing a blank: being unable to recall a required piece of information (or failing to find something).

Nor was it Net Brain: this is a syndrome I discovered when I worked at the American Psychological Association. While not an official diagnosis, it’s a handy one: it’s when something just falls out of your consciousness. Examples include missing an appointment (or any commitment). Briefly stated, you forgot.

Could it be a case of Beach Brain? An idle mind, also known as being “out to lunch” (when that isn’t literal). An example would be losing track of a conversation, movie plot, or whose play it is during mah jong.

Writer's Block by Leonid Pasternak
Leonid Pasternack understood my struggle!

My mental wanderings led me to think about other words and phrases we use to summarize disfunction.

FUBAR: f****d up beyond all recovery/remedy/recognition/etc. Also, utterly botched or confused. No, that doesn’t fit my situation; it clearly assumes that something has been done!

Procrastination isn’t apropos, either. I didn’t put off thinking about it, I just couldn’t make progress.

Unfocused? Synonyms for unfocused include muddled, bewildered, dazed, scatterbrained, confused, bemused, senile, negligent. Well, senility could be the root cause, but I refuse to consider it.

Having difficulty making decisions is one symptom of depression, but only one out of dozens of psychological, physical, and social symptoms. So, not depression.

I know of two words for suddenly forgetting something “right on the tip of your tongue” derived from the river Lethe in Greek mythology. If you are suddenly unable to remember a word that you definitely know you know, you are experiencing lethologica. When your brain suddenly refuses to supply the name of a familiar person, that’s lethonomia.

Bottom Line: I don’t know why I struggled so much this week, but I do know the outcome: I’m giving up!

THE DOWNSIDE OF HOUSEGUESTS

bad houseguests
Not all houseguests are housebroken!

My much-loved sister flew in to stay with me for a wonderful four days—our first time together in years! We talked and talked and talked some more: spouses, extended family, children and grandchildren, frustrations, gardening, everyone’s health and well-being, books, cars, my writing…

My sister is considerate and eager to be helpful. We celebrated my birthday. In short, it couldn’t have been a better visit.

On the drive home after dropping her off at the airport, I started a mental to-do list. And I realized that there is always a downside to houseguests. The slope and extent of the downside varies with how many people have come and how compatible they are, but there’s always something. In short, every silver lining has a cloud!

At the Minimum

  • Extra sheets and towels—and maybe napkins—to launder
  • Remaking the guest bed(s)
  • Resetting the table(s) for permanent residents only
Laundry for Houseguests

Depending on the Host’s Circumstances

  • Returning furniture to its former place/function, for example, having moved chairs so that everyone can see the TV
  • Putting away cots or sleeping bags
  • Catching up on work neglected during the visit
  • Doing laundry for the guest(s) during the visit
  • Dealing with leftovers or specially-purchased foods after departure
  • Transportation to/from airport, bus terminal, or train station
  • Arranging parking for guest vehicle

Compatibility with Houseguests

Sometimes, the houseguests and hosts do not quite match each others’ energy.

  • Distinctly different political or social viewpoints can affect everything from what topics are discussed to which news programs are watched or even result in more-or-less hostile “discussions.”
  • If one is religious and the other isn’t, one or the other must compromise on prayer in the home and attendance at services.
  • Sometimes one is go-go and the other is essentially a slug.
  • Sometimes one talks while the other is trying to read, listen to the news, or watch a particular TV show.
  • When one is a night owl and the other is an early bird, it affects everything from scheduling of activities and amusements to the timing of meals.
  • Food restrictions or preferences can often lead to friction
    • Firm or soft scrambled eggs, regular or decaf coffee, fruit vs. juice, vegan/vegetarian vs. meat eaters, etc.
Houseguests Arguing

Hazards Beyond Anyone’s Control

  • Planned activities must be cancelled because of rain, heat, or snow
  • Someone needs medical attention for a fall, allergic reaction, or sudden illness
  • Automobile accident, even if not catastrophic

Houseguests Who are All Downside

And then there are houseguests who are just “bad.” They…

  • Without prior discussion, expect the host to supply everything from sun hats to sleepwear to toiletries
  • Raid refrigerator or cupboard and snack on something needed for a meal
  • Take over the host’s preferred chair or place at the table
  • Make unreasonable demands for food, activities, accommodations, etc.
  • Take possession of the TV remote or the daily newspaper
  • Ask the host for money or to purchase something rather than wait for an offer
  • Put their feet on the furniture, shoes on
  • Take a book from the host’s “to-be-read” stack and ask to take it with them when they leave. Or presume rather than ask.

With this last category, you might well ask yourself, “Can I avoid ever having this person in my home again?”

Bottom Line: When it comes to houseguests, consider whether the upside is worth the downside!

AI IS DOING WHAT?

When I—naively—thought of AI (artificial intelligence), I thought of students using it to do homework or the rest of us doing quick online searches, but it is everywhere!

Yes, it is in classrooms. On 7/29/25, 60 Minutes replayed a segment in which Anderson Cooper visited a school where AI is used not only to catch plagiarism but also to guide students toward the correct answers or conclusions without actually giving the answer and help teachers identify who needs help with what.

Rachel Madow (7-21-25) presented some of the many ways artificial intelligence has been used to create fake news about her on X, Facebook, etc. For example, images showing her with a baby she never had and helping rescue victims of the Texas floods, where she never was.

The Wall Street Journal (6/30/25) had a Journal Report on AI with multiple sections:

Perhaps the computer behind these images should not be consulted for fitness advice…
  • An AI built career coach and its advantages
  • Having a romantic relationship with AI and what 3 experts had to say about them and the people who seek them
  • A woman who wrote a novel about a woman building an artificially intelligent lover and why the author believes they won’t replace real partners
  • How and why advertising offerings as “Powered by AI” reduces people’s inclination to trust and buy them
  • How AI makes learning easier but may result in a weaker understanding of the topics afterward
  • AI telling people what they want to hear and the dangers of that
  • The promise and peril of artificial intelligence

Subsequently, (7/9/25) the WSJ carried articles on Blackdot using a robot powered by AI to give tattoos and another comparing an AI robot massage to one given by a live therapist.

So all of this led me to explore other ways that, hitherto unbeknownst to me, AI is out there.

Unconventional AI

Tech Wire Asia and ClickWorker According to sources across the web, as of July 2025, AI is being used in surprising and unconventional ways, such as:

Keen-eyed observers can spot “hallucinations” in computer-generated art, such as this dancer’s ankles defying both anatomy and physics!
  • Robot pet companions
  • Enhancing hive health in beekeeping
  • To generate music and songs
  • Aid in preservation of traditional crafts
  • Guidance in spiritual studies
  • Street art preservation
  • Content creation for historical fiction
  • Winemaking
  • Flavor development in culinary arts
  • Fashion styling
  • Art creation
  • Fake news generation
  • Autonomous military weapons
  • Cyberattack escalation

Weirdest AI

Medium recently published an article describing the weirdest things people are doing with generative AI.

At least hand models won’t have to worry about losing their jobs to AI any time soon.
  • Toothbrushes that give real-time feedback on brushing
  • Kitchen robots that fry food
  • Generating fake news
  • Apps that detect cat pain
  • Tools for penis health analysis
  • Electric shoes that learn walking patterns
  • Designing whisky
  • Mattresses that adjust sleep positions
  • Perfume creation
  • Talking to whales
  • Managing beehives and robotic bees
  • Fish recognition
  • Toilets that monitor health
  • Tinder for cow

Bottom Line: AI is with us for good—but also bad and ugly. The creative potential of artificial intelligence is accompanied by mega-risks.

AN EYE FOR AN EYE

I venture to assert, with absolutely no evidence necessary, that revenge is older than the Old Testament! It’s both ancient and contemporary. (Think Homer, Hamlet, and Pres. Trump’s campaign slogan, “I am your revenge.”)

The Hatfield clan of Appalachia was engaged in one of the most famous feuds in American history with the neighboring McCoys, triggered and kept going by waves of revenge and retaliation.

Brian Knutson published research in Science in 2004, showing that when people are wronged in a laboratory game and then given a chance to retaliate, the part of the brain activated is an area known to process rewards. (In even earlier work, researchers found that this part of the brain was active during cocaine and nicotine use). Just thinking about revenge is pleasurable!

Eric Jaffe, The Complicated Psychology of Revenge
Association for Psychological Science

Why We Seek Revenge

A belief in justice is the primary driver when seeking revenge, according to Fade Eadeh, an assistant professor of psychology at Seattle University. If the world was just and fair, bad things would happen to bad people and good things to good people. As a “good person,” you may feel compelled to even the score with a “bad person” to restore justice. However, such retaliation seldom brings balance or justice.

Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr feuded for years before finally meeting on the dueling field in 1804, when Burr mortally wounded Hamilton and destroyed his own reputation. The popularity of Lin-Manuel Miranda’s musical in Hamilton’s name might be deemed the ultimate revenge.

Carlsmith et al. in a 2008 issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, reported that although people believe revenge will make them feel better and provide closure, in fact those who delivered punishment continued to think about what they had done and felt worse than those who had no opportunity to avenge a wrong. Guilt, shame, and embarrassment may tamp down any pleasure derived from vengeance,

More recently, Allie Volpe (Vox, 2024) observed that even chimpanzees and elephants have shown vengeful tendencies. Revenge, to deter offenders (and would-be offenders) from future harmful behavior is a response to wrongdoing that anthropologists have observed in practically every culture.

For revenge to have the best chance of eliciting a positive outcome, the punished party needs to know what she/he/they did that harmed another. “When [revenge] goes right, it triggers remorse and guilt, and a need for the other person to fix things,” asserts Stephen Yoshimura , a professor of communication studies at the University of Montana. “But a lot of times, because things don’t get explained or there’s a lot of misunderstanding about what exactly is the situation … they just respond with counter-retaliation. That’s where things start to get out of hand.”

A Dish Best Not Served At All

Despite spending 27 years in prison, Nelson Mandela embraced reconciliation and worked to dismantle the apartheid regime in South Africa through peaceful methods, eventually winning the Nobel Peace Prize and being elected President of South Africa.

As a supervisor, parent, and spouse, I’ve long been an advocate of simply telling a person, “When you do X, I feel Y.” Among others, Dr. David Chester, Associate Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University, also suggests finding non-harmful ways to communicate how someone mistreated you.

“While interpersonal revenge can be functional, in contemporary societies it can trigger a cycle of potentially violent (not to mention potentially illegal) acts. But suppressing thoughts of revenge may cause them to rebound. So what to do? At the risk of perpetuating an overwrought cliche, the best revenge, experts say, is a life well-lived.” (Volpe)

The June 5 edition of The Wall Street Journal, has an excellent review of this topic, written by James Kimmel, Jr., a lecturer in psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine. The title of his article pretty much says it all: “This Is Your Brain on Revenge: The neuroscience of vengeance shows that it can be as addictive as drugs and forgiveness works like detox.” He concludes that “Neuroscience supports the ancient forgiveness teachings of Jesus and the Buddha,” and maintains that we can heal an entire nation addicted to revenge by following modern science and ancient teachings about forgiveness. “We need to Make America Forgiving Again.” You can read all about it in his new book The Science of Revenge: Understanding the World’s Deadliest Addiction—and How to Overcome It.

Bottom Line: The evolutionary nature of revenge may make it “human nature,” but in this instance, what’s natural is bad for you.

PAIN, AGONY, HURT!

Studies suggest that about 10% of one’s nervous system is dedicated to sensing pain. Given what else the nervous system does—sight, smell, taste, hearing, thinking, moving, digestion, etc., etc., etc.—that’s a lot!

Why so much attention to pain? As it turns out, there are benefits to feeling poorly.

Pain for Gain

Foremost is survival: without unpleasant sensations, we wouldn’t know to avoid fire, allow injuries to heal, attend wounds such as broken bones or cuts, etc.

There are additional ways in which negative feelings lead to have positive consequences.

Pain facilitates pleasure by providing an important contrast for pleasurable experiences, increasing sensitivity to sensory input, and facilitating self-rewarding behavior.

In many communities, the ability to withstand pain or physical endurance marks a child’s elevation to adult status.

Pain augments self-regulation and enhancement by increasing cognitive control, reducing rumination, and demonstrating virtue.

Pain promotes affiliation by arousing empathy from others, motivating social connection, and enhancing group formation.

Pain Reduction

Mesopotamian goddess Nisaba, with opium poppies growing from her shoulders. c 2430 BCE

But for all of that, we try to avoid or minimize feeling bad. Indeed, pain is the most common reason why people seek medical care. Seeking relief is not a new phenomenon, but getting it is.

Surgeons have been using general anesthesia in the Islamic world for nearly two thousand years. In the 1600s, many European doctors gave their patients opium to relieve pain.

The earliest European surgeons operated while keeping patients wide awake and physically restrained. By the 1800s, the nicest surgeons introduced ether and chloroform anesthetics for surgery. And why was this controversial?

Several major religions view physical suffering as intrinsically linked with atonement or moral goodness. Some, such as Buddhism and Taoism, hold that it is caused by an imbalance within the individual and can only be resolved through personal effort. Others, such as Christianity, have historically believed that suffering brings one closer to an ideal spiritual state.

Surgeons operating on patient under ether anesthesia, 1847

Some doctors questioned the ethics of operating on unconscious patients. Others were concerned that relieving pain might hamper healing. “But the surgeons could not long resist their new power to perform longer and more complex procedures, and most patients thought anesthesia a divine blessing,” wrote Marcia Meldrum, an associate researcher in the department of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences at the University of California, Los Angeles.

By the 1900s, people were using morphine and heroin as pain medications. At first, doctors thought these “safe.” However, over time, it became clear that these treatments also made people vulnerable to addictions.

Until this time, the medical field considered pain to be primarily a problem to manage in acute care (related to injury, for example, or surgery) or during a painful death from cancer.

“Flavors” of Pain

Acute pain is what you feel when you become hurt or injured. You may have experienced acute pain from an injury such as a cut or a broken limb or from disease or inflammation in the body. Acute pain can be intense and severe, but it typically resolves as your body heals from whatever caused it.

Nociceptive pain is caused by tissue damage. Most acute pain is nociceptive. 

According to NIH, chronic pain is a sensation that lasts much longer than acute pain―usually months and sometimes years. Chronic pain sometimes has a clear cause, such as an acute injury, a long illness, or damage to and dysfunction of your nervous system. However, it sometimes happens without any obvious reason.  Medical providers have often assumed that patients complaining of on-going pain are delusional, hypchrondiacal, malingering, or addicts. Patients often turn to psychotherapy, or sometimes neurosurgery.

Neuropathic pain is caused by nerve damage or dysfunction. You can experience neuropathic pain from injuries or illness that affect the spinal cord and brain (for example, a slipped disc in your spine) or the peripheral nervous system (the nerves throughout the rest of your body). This kind of discomfort often feels similar to burning, shooting, or stabbing. 

Inflammatory pain happens when your immune system activates in response to injury or infection. In addition to causing redness or swelling, it can also make you more sensitive to feelings of pain.

Everyone’s pain feels differently, and the only way to know whether someone is hurting is to ask. Has a medical practitioner asked you to rate your discomfort on a scale from 1 to 10? They may also ask you to describe what you feel: dull, throbbing, aching, shooting, stabbing, etc.

Treatment Options

Just as there isn’t a way to measure it objectively, there isn’t one single treatment that will work for everyone. It often involves a combination of treatments, which may include:    

  • Over-the-counter and prescription medications (such as pain relievers and drugs that reduce inflammation)
  • Physical and occupational therapy to improve function and limit discomfort
  • Counseling and therapy to teach skills for coping with pain
  • Medical treatments (such as medications and injections) to interrupt the brain’s signals or change how nerves process painful sensations 
  • Neuromodulation therapies (devices that stimulate nerves or the spinal cord) to reduce pain 
  • Complementary and integrative therapies (such as acupuncture and mindfulness meditation). 

And When Nothing Helps…

Chronic pain is an enormous problem.

More than 1 in 5 adults in the United States experience chronic pain.  Chronic conditions, such as low back pain and migraine, are the leading causes of disability around the world.

Not surprisingly, rates of chronic pain, including conditions that severely limit work or life activities, are highest among adults ages 65 and older.

Advertisement for treatment to cure morphine addiction, c 1900

In the 1980s, several prominent pain specialists suggested that opiods had a “low incidence of addictive behavior.” They pushed for increased use of the drugs to treat long-term, non-cancer pain, as Meldrum noted in her paper “The Ongoing Opioid Prescription Epidemic: Historical Context.” Today we all know how wrong they were, and we are still trying to undo the opioid crisis.

Where Does Aspirin Come From?

1923 advertisement

Apart from prescription medications, over-the-counter options are popular. Aspirin, as it is known today, was first developed in 1895 in Germany. By 1915, Bayer Pharmaceuticals developed the first tablet form, which they then sold throughout the world as a medicine.

The active ingredient in aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid, which is formed by the acetylation of salicylic acid, which is derived from natural plant sources such as jasmine, willow and poplar trees, as well as certain species of legumes.

This gives credence to the efficacy of willow bark tea for minor aches and pains, as long claimed by folk medicine practitioners.

Aspirin molecule, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)

However, aspirin is no longer made from willow bark. Today, pharmaceutical companies derive aspirin from plants of the Spiraea genus. Compounders then convert the salicylic acid into acetylsalicylic acid via acetylation.

Aspirin is very useful in many ways besides pain relief. Indeed, doctors use it as a blood thinner to treat clots. At a daily dose of 81mg, it is helpful in preventing future heart attacks.

But beware: You should not use aspirin if you have a bleeding disorder such as hemophilia, a recent history of stomach or intestinal bleeding, or if you are allergic to an NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) such as Advil, Motrin, Aleve, Orudis, Indocin, Lodine, Voltaren, Toradol, Mobic, Relafen, Feldene, and others.

OTC Alternatives

A common alternative to aspirin is Tylenol. Acetaminophen, commonly sold under this brand name, is a non-opioid analgesic that relieves pain and reduces fever. Acetaminophen regulates the body’s temperature and alters its perception of pain.

Tylenol is generally safe at recommended doses. For adults weighing more than 110 pounds (50 kg), the recommended acetaminophen dosage is 1000 mg every six hours or 650 mg every four hours.

Risks

However, elderly individuals may face higher risks of certain side effects due to physiological changes, including:

  • Liver Damage: Aging decreases liver efficiency. This raises the risk of liver damage from acetaminophen, especially if taken in high doses or with alcohol.
  • Kidney Damage: As kidney function naturally declines with age, long-term or high-dose use of acetaminophen may lead to kidney damage in the elderly, particularly if their kidneys are already compromised.
  • Gastrointestinal Issues: Although Tylenol is easier on the stomach than nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), it can still cause gastrointestinal discomfort. This may include nausea, constipation, or diarrhea.
  • Acetaminophen toxicity occurs when a person takes more than the recommended dosage of this medicine. Tylenol overdose leads to 56,000 emergency department visits, 2,600 hospitalizations, and 500 deaths each year in the United States, making it one of the most common poisonings. Too much of a good thing is not a good thing!

Apart from any hedonistic motives to “just feel good,” pain is an economic drain: the estimated yearly national cost of pain, including medical treatments, disability, and lost productivity, is $560 billion to $635 billion in the U.S. alone!

Bottom Line: Pain is universal, and treating it is only human. But proceed with caution!

SKIN: FUNCTIONAL AS WELL AS ORNAMENTAL

Unless wounded or suffering a rash or whatever, I venture to suggest that people mostly attend to how skin looks. It’s only logical, given that it’s exposed to public view—more or less, depending on culture, sex, age, season, and occasion!

Putting Your Best Face Forward

The good news is this: skin is constantly renewing itself, shedding dead cells and producing new ones. On average, we lose about 30,000 to 40,000 skin cells per minute. You may not see the dead, dull skin flaking off your face and body, but it is, and it contributes significantly to household dust!

It takes about a month for newly formed skin cells to make their way to the surface. The bad news is that renewal takes longer with age: turnover can take as much as six to eight weeks in someone in their 60s or 70s.

A buildup of dead skin cells can make your complexion appear duller and drier.

Like your body’s overall metabolism, the skin’s metabolic processes also lag with age and exposure to environmental aggressors.

The skin’s metabolism controls the production and breakdown of collagen and elastin. It also affects how well your skin renews its cells, repairs its damage, and even how it responds to topical products you use.

Giving Nature a Helping Hand

You can speed up the process of skin renewal (at any age) with topical products that contains retinoids, which promote new cell growth, or alpha hydroxy acids, including glycolic acid. These loosen up the intercellular glue-like substance that holds skin cells together on the surface, allowing them to slough off sooner. You can find these ingredients in cleansers, serums, lotions, or creams.

An alternative is the judicious use of skin exfoliants. Harsh or excessive exfoliation can cause small tears, which allow water to escape and potential irritants to pass into your skin, making it feel dry and sensitive.

Heads up: the molecules in most cosmetic compounds are too large to be absorbed, so be suspicious of claims about absorption.

Even molecules in some anti-aging skin-care products are too large to pass through skin’s outermost layer.

When the skin’s barrier gets damaged (from UV exposure, harsh cleansers, over-exfoliating, etc.), microscopic tears form.

Sunscreen keeps skin’s surface safe from sunburns and its cells protected from UV damage. My dermatologist recommends a lotion with SPF 35 on the face, every day, year-round, and something stronger for extended exposure, for example when sailing.

The road to healthy, radiant skin is paved with blood vessels. Skin contains 11 miles of blood vessels. Each square inch contains 20 blood vessels.

Gilding the Lily

Nanaia Mahuta, former Foreign Minister of New Zealand

One’s skin is an expansive canvas. The average adult has 2,800 square inches—about 22 square feet—of skin, and people have painted on it for more than 6,000 years, when ancient Egyptians (both women and men) used makeup to enhance their appearance and display their wealth. Now the beauty industry is a key driver of the U.S. economy, generating approximately $94.36 billion in cosmetics and beauty sales in 2023. Enough said about that.

Over time and around the world, for the sake of appearances, skin has been tattooed, pierced, and scarred, kept pale or tanned vigorously. Standards of beauty vary greatly from culture to culture.

But beyond its ornamental value, skin is incredibly useful!

The Real Skinny on Skin

Next time you step on the scale, remember that skin is the heaviest of all your organs. The average adult body can have 20 pounds of skin alone, making up 10-15% of body weight. That 10-15% is composed of water, oils, fats, nutrients, hair follicles, blood and lymph vessels, collagen, and living and dead cells.

Cross-section of human skin

Within one square inch of skin, there are 19 million skin cells of various types, each with its own specific job.

That square inch includes about 60,000 melanocytes, cells that produce melanin pigment, which gives skin its color. All humans have melanocytes (with the exception of some people born with albinism).

The majority of skin cells are keratinocytes. These include basal and squamous cells, the two types from which the most common skin cancers can arise.

Skin Hard at Work

According to the Cleveland Clinic, a square inch of skin also contains 300 sweat glands—for better or worse!

Skin helps regulate body temperature by sweating, but also by dilating blood vessels. Blood vessels bring oxygen and nutrients to your cells, remove waste, and help regulate your skin’s temperature. When the skin gets warm, your blood vessels dilate, allowing heat to escape to the outside air. When it’s cold outside, they constrict, keeping the heat in your skin.

Skin is a sensory organ, each square inch containing 1,000 nerve endings, allowing us to feel touch, temperature, pain, pressure, and vibration.

Skin is also highly reactive to emotional stress. Research has shown that skin inflammations such as eczema, psoriasis, and acne often flare during stressful times.

Stressful situations can also trigger sweating, itching and hives.

Experts have found the connection between stress and skin is bidirectional: stress can exacerbate skin issues, but skin can also send signals to the brain, triggering a stress response.

Skin is the protective barrier against external threats, such as UV rays, bacteria, and infections.

Under the Surface

Skin has a microbiome, with trillions of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi that help in fighting infection, controlling inflammation and helping your immune system recognize possible threats. Researchers are working on treatments to manipulate the bacteria on the skin’s surface to treat inflammatory skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis, acne, and diseases including skin cancer.

Researchers have discovered that skin has a circadian rhythm. During daylight hours, skin is in protective mode, trying to shield cells from UV light, free radicals, pollution, etc. Research shows that repair peaks at night. Both temperature and permeability increase at night, making skin more receptive to topical ingredients. Also at night, more water escapes from the skin. So, before bed, it’s prime time to apply moisturizer.

The thickest skin grows on the soles of the feet and palms of the hands, while the thinnest grows on the eyelids.

When exposed to sunlight, skin produces vitamin D, which is essential for bone health.

Your skin can flex. There are tiny muscles within the skin called the arrector pili muscles, located inside your hair follicles. It’s these muscles that make your body hairs stand straight up when you get goosebumps.

Medical Uses of Skin

My guess is that when people sign their organ donor cards, very few are thinking “skin.” Heart, liver, kidney, lungs…sure. In fact, skin is the largest organ in (on?) the human body. And skin donations are sorely needed.

Each year, approximately 58,000 tissue donors provide lifesaving and healing tissue for transplant. A single tissue donor can heal up to 75 lives. That’s why surgeons can perform approximately 2.5 million tissue transplants each year in the U.S.

Three-quarters of skin transplants are used in life-saving circumstances, such as severe burns. Doctors also use skin grafts in various surgeries, including open heart and post-mastectomy breast reconstruction. Experts estimate that another 500,000 patients would have shortened wound-healing time if enough skin were available.

Should you need a skin transplant, the preferred source would be you! Doctors usually take skin from the patient’s back, buttocks, and the backs of the thighs. These are highly effective, successful over 90% of the time. Skin donations from another person (living or dead) or from an animal, such as a pig or a fish, are stop-gap measures, to minimize infection and maximize fluid retention till you are able to repair yourself. “Foreign” skin is nearly always rejected long term.

Bottom Line: The title says it all. Skin is useful as well as ornamental